1 package SL::DB::Invoice;
6 use List::Util qw(first sum);
8 use Rose::DB::Object::Helpers qw(has_loaded_related forget_related);
9 use SL::DB::MetaSetup::Invoice;
10 use SL::DB::Manager::Invoice;
11 use SL::DB::Helper::Payment qw(:ALL);
12 use SL::DB::Helper::AttrHTML;
13 use SL::DB::Helper::AttrSorted;
14 use SL::DB::Helper::FlattenToForm;
15 use SL::DB::Helper::LinkedRecords;
16 use SL::DB::Helper::PriceTaxCalculator;
17 use SL::DB::Helper::PriceUpdater;
18 use SL::DB::Helper::TransNumberGenerator;
19 use SL::Locale::String qw(t8);
20 use SL::DB::CustomVariable;
22 __PACKAGE__->meta->add_relationship(
24 type => 'one to many',
25 class => 'SL::DB::InvoiceItem',
26 column_map => { id => 'trans_id' },
28 with_objects => [ 'part' ]
32 type => 'one to many',
33 class => 'SL::DB::Invoice',
34 column_map => { id => 'storno_id' },
36 sepa_export_items => {
37 type => 'one to many',
38 class => 'SL::DB::SepaExportItem',
39 column_map => { id => 'ar_id' },
40 manager_args => { with_objects => [ 'sepa_export' ] }
43 type => 'many to many',
44 map_class => 'SL::DB::SepaExportItem',
46 map_to => 'sepa_export',
50 class => 'SL::DB::Shipto',
51 column_map => { id => 'trans_id' },
52 query_args => [ module => 'AR' ],
55 type => 'one to many',
56 class => 'SL::DB::AccTransaction',
57 column_map => { id => 'trans_id' },
59 with_objects => [ 'chart' ],
60 sort_by => 'acc_trans_id ASC',
64 type => 'one to many',
65 class => 'SL::DB::Dunning',
66 column_map => { id => 'trans_id' },
67 manager_args => { with_objects => [ 'dunnings' ] }
71 __PACKAGE__->meta->initialize;
73 __PACKAGE__->attr_html('notes');
74 __PACKAGE__->attr_sorted('items');
76 __PACKAGE__->before_save('_before_save_set_invnumber');
80 sub _before_save_set_invnumber {
83 $self->create_trans_number if !$self->invnumber;
90 sub items { goto &invoiceitems; }
91 sub add_items { goto &add_invoiceitems; }
92 sub record_number { goto &invnumber; };
95 # For compatibility with Order, DeliveryOrder
96 croak 'not an accessor' if @_ > 1;
100 # it is assumed, that ordnumbers are unique here.
101 sub first_order_by_ordnumber {
104 my $orders = SL::DB::Manager::Order->get_all(
106 ordnumber => $self->ordnumber,
111 return first { $_->is_type('sales_order') } @{ $orders };
114 sub abschlag_percentage {
116 my $order = $self->first_order_by_ordnumber or return;
117 my $order_amount = $order->netamount or return;
118 return $self->abschlag
119 ? $self->netamount / $order_amount
125 die 'not a setter method' if @_;
127 return ($self->amount || 0) - ($self->netamount || 0);
130 __PACKAGE__->meta->make_attr_helpers(taxamount => 'numeric(15,5)');
134 return $self->paid >= $self->amount;
137 sub _clone_orderitem_delivery_order_item_cvar {
140 my $cloned = $_->clone_and_reset;
141 $cloned->sub_module('invoice');
147 my ($class, $source, %params) = @_;
149 croak("Unsupported source object type '" . ref($source) . "'") unless ref($source) =~ m/^ SL::DB:: (?: Order | DeliveryOrder ) $/x;
150 croak("Cannot create invoices for purchase records") unless $source->customer_id;
152 require SL::DB::Employee;
154 my (@columns, @item_columns, $item_parent_id_column, $item_parent_column);
156 if (ref($source) eq 'SL::DB::Order') {
157 @columns = qw(quonumber delivery_customer_id delivery_vendor_id);
158 @item_columns = qw(subtotal);
160 $item_parent_id_column = 'trans_id';
161 $item_parent_column = 'order';
164 @columns = qw(donumber);
166 $item_parent_id_column = 'delivery_order_id';
167 $item_parent_column = 'delivery_order';
170 my $terms = $source->can('payment_id') ? $source->payment_terms : undef;
171 $terms = $source->customer->payment_terms if !defined $terms && $source->customer;
173 my %args = ( map({ ( $_ => $source->$_ ) } qw(customer_id taxincluded shippingpoint shipvia notes intnotes salesman_id cusordnumber ordnumber department_id
174 cp_id language_id taxzone_id globalproject_id transaction_description currency_id delivery_term_id), @columns),
175 transdate => DateTime->today_local,
176 gldate => DateTime->today_local,
177 duedate => $terms ? $terms->calc_date(reference_date => DateTime->today_local) : DateTime->today_local,
182 employee_id => (SL::DB::Manager::Employee->current || SL::DB::Employee->new(id => $source->employee_id))->id,
185 $args{payment_id} = ( $terms ? $terms->id : $source->payment_id);
187 if ($source->type =~ /_delivery_order$/) {
188 $args{deliverydate} = $source->reqdate;
189 if (my $order = SL::DB::Manager::Order->find_by(ordnumber => $source->ordnumber)) {
190 $args{orddate} = $order->transdate;
193 } elsif ($source->type =~ /_order$/) {
194 $args{deliverydate} = $source->reqdate;
195 $args{orddate} = $source->transdate;
198 $args{quodate} = $source->transdate;
201 # Custom shipto addresses (the ones specific to the sales/purchase
202 # record and not to the customer/vendor) are only linked from shipto
203 # → ar. Meaning ar.shipto_id will not be filled in that
205 if (!$source->shipto_id && $source->id) {
206 $args{custom_shipto} = $source->custom_shipto->clone($class) if $source->can('custom_shipto') && $source->custom_shipto;
209 $args{shipto_id} = $source->shipto_id;
212 my $invoice = $class->new(%args);
213 $invoice->assign_attributes(%{ $params{attributes} }) if $params{attributes};
214 my $items = delete($params{items}) || $source->items_sorted;
218 my $source_item = $_;
219 my $source_item_id = $_->$item_parent_id_column;
220 my @custom_variables = map { _clone_orderitem_delivery_order_item_cvar($_) } @{ $source_item->custom_variables };
222 $item_parents{$source_item_id} ||= $source_item->$item_parent_column;
223 my $item_parent = $item_parents{$source_item_id};
224 my $current_invoice_item =
225 SL::DB::InvoiceItem->new(map({ ( $_ => $source_item->$_ ) }
226 qw(parts_id description qty sellprice discount project_id serialnumber pricegroup_id transdate cusordnumber unit
227 base_qty longdescription lastcost price_factor_id active_discount_source active_price_source), @item_columns),
228 deliverydate => $source_item->reqdate,
229 fxsellprice => $source_item->sellprice,
230 custom_variables => \@custom_variables,
231 ordnumber => ref($item_parent) eq 'SL::DB::Order' ? $item_parent->ordnumber : $source_item->ordnumber,
232 donumber => ref($item_parent) eq 'SL::DB::DeliveryOrder' ? $item_parent->donumber : $source_item->can('donumber') ? $source_item->donumber : '',
235 $current_invoice_item->{"converted_from_orderitems_id"} = $_->{id} if ref($item_parent) eq 'SL::DB::Order';
236 $current_invoice_item->{"converted_from_delivery_order_items_id"} = $_->{id} if ref($item_parent) eq 'SL::DB::DeliveryOrder';
237 $current_invoice_item;
240 @items = grep { $params{item_filter}->($_) } @items if $params{item_filter};
241 @items = grep { $_->qty * 1 } @items if $params{skip_items_zero_qty};
242 @items = grep { $_->qty >=0 } @items if $params{skip_items_negative_qty};
244 $invoice->invoiceitems(\@items);
250 my ($self, %params) = @_;
252 die "not an invoice" unless $self->invoice;
254 require SL::DB::Chart;
255 if (!$params{ar_id}) {
257 if ($::instance_conf->get_ar_chart_id) {
258 $chart = SL::DB::Manager::Chart->find_by(id => $::instance_conf->get_ar_chart_id);
260 $chart = SL::DB::Manager::Chart->get_all(query => [ SL::DB::Manager::Chart->link_filter('AR') ],
264 croak("No AR chart found and no parameter 'ar_id' given") unless $chart;
265 $params{ar_id} = $chart->id;
268 if (!$self->db->with_transaction(sub {
269 my %data = $self->calculate_prices_and_taxes;
271 $self->_post_create_assemblyitem_entries($data{assembly_items});
274 $self->_post_add_acctrans($data{amounts_cogs});
275 $self->_post_add_acctrans($data{amounts});
276 $self->_post_add_acctrans($data{taxes});
278 $self->_post_add_acctrans({ $params{ar_id} => $self->amount * -1 });
280 $self->_post_update_allocated($data{allocated});
282 $self->_post_book_rounding($data{rounding});
286 $::lxdebug->message(LXDebug->WARN(), "convert_to_invoice failed: " . join("\n", (split(/\n/, $self->db->error))[0..2]));
293 sub _post_add_acctrans {
294 my ($self, $entries) = @_;
296 my $default_tax_id = SL::DB::Manager::Tax->find_by(taxkey => 0)->id;
299 require SL::DB::AccTransaction;
300 require SL::DB::Chart;
301 while (my ($chart_id, $spec) = each %{ $entries }) {
302 $spec = { taxkey => 0, tax_id => $default_tax_id, amount => $spec } unless ref $spec;
303 $chart_link = SL::DB::Manager::Chart->find_by(id => $chart_id)->{'link'};
306 SL::DB::AccTransaction->new(trans_id => $self->id,
307 chart_id => $chart_id,
308 amount => $spec->{amount},
309 tax_id => $spec->{tax_id},
310 taxkey => $spec->{taxkey},
311 project_id => $self->globalproject_id,
312 transdate => $self->transdate,
313 chart_link => $chart_link)->save;
317 sub _post_book_rounding {
318 my ($self, $rounding) = @_;
320 my $tax_id = SL::DB::Manager::Tax->find_by(taxkey => 0)->id;
321 my $rnd_accno = $rounding == 0 ? 0
322 : $rounding > 0 ? SL::DB::Default->get->rndgain_accno_id
323 : SL::DB::Default->get->rndloss_accno_id
325 if ($rnd_accno != 0) {
326 SL::DB::AccTransaction->new(trans_id => $self->id,
327 chart_id => $rnd_accno,
331 project_id => $self->globalproject_id,
332 transdate => $self->transdate,
333 chart_link => $rnd_accno)->save;
337 sub add_ar_amount_row {
338 my ($self, %params ) = @_;
340 # only allow this method for ar invoices (Debitorenbuchung)
341 die "not an ar invoice" if $self->invoice and not $self->customer_id;
343 die "add_ar_amount_row needs a chart object as chart param" unless $params{chart} && $params{chart}->isa('SL::DB::Chart');
344 die "chart must be an AR_amount chart" unless $params{chart}->link =~ /AR_amount/;
349 my ($netamount,$taxamount);
351 $netamount = $params{amount} * 1;
352 my $tax = SL::DB::Manager::Tax->find_by(id => $params{tax_id}) || die "Can't find tax with id " . $params{tax_id};
354 if ( $tax and $tax->rate != 0 ) {
355 ($netamount, $taxamount) = Form->calculate_tax($params{amount}, $tax->rate, $self->taxincluded, $roundplaces);
357 next unless $netamount; # netamount mustn't be zero
359 my $sign = $self->customer_id ? 1 : -1;
360 my $acc = SL::DB::AccTransaction->new(
361 amount => $netamount * $sign,
362 chart_id => $params{chart}->id,
363 chart_link => $params{chart}->link,
364 transdate => $self->transdate,
365 gldate => $self->gldate,
366 taxkey => $tax->taxkey,
368 project_id => $params{project_id},
371 $self->add_transactions( $acc );
372 push( @$acc_trans, $acc );
375 my $acc = SL::DB::AccTransaction->new(
376 amount => $taxamount * $sign,
377 chart_id => $tax->chart_id,
378 chart_link => $tax->chart->link,
379 transdate => $self->transdate,
380 gldate => $self->gldate,
381 taxkey => $tax->taxkey,
384 $self->add_transactions( $acc );
385 push( @$acc_trans, $acc );
391 my ($self, %params) = @_;
392 # to be called after adding all AR_amount rows, adds an AR row
394 # only allow this method for ar invoices (Debitorenbuchung)
395 die if $self->invoice and not $self->customer_id;
396 die "create_ar_row needs a chart object as a parameter" unless $params{chart} and ref($params{chart}) eq 'SL::DB::Chart';
398 my @transactions = @{$self->transactions};
399 # die "invoice has no acc_transactions" unless scalar @transactions > 0;
400 return 0 unless scalar @transactions > 0;
402 my $chart = $params{chart} || SL::DB::Manager::Chart->find_by(id => $::instance_conf->get_ar_chart_id);
403 die "illegal chart in create_ar_row" unless $chart;
405 die "receivables chart must have link 'AR'" unless $chart->link eq 'AR';
409 # hardcoded entry for no tax: tax_id and taxkey should be 0
410 my $tax = SL::DB::Manager::Tax->find_by(id => 0, taxkey => 0) || die "Can't find tax with id 0 and taxkey 0";
412 my $sign = $self->customer_id ? -1 : 1;
413 my $acc = SL::DB::AccTransaction->new(
414 amount => $self->amount * $sign,
415 chart_id => $params{chart}->id,
416 chart_link => $params{chart}->link,
417 transdate => $self->transdate,
418 taxkey => $tax->taxkey,
421 $self->add_transactions( $acc );
422 push( @$acc_trans, $acc );
426 sub validate_acc_trans {
427 my ($self, %params) = @_;
428 # should be able to check unsaved invoice objects with several acc_trans lines
430 die "validate_acc_trans can't check invoice object with empty transactions" unless $self->transactions;
432 my @transactions = @{$self->transactions};
433 # die "invoice has no acc_transactions" unless scalar @transactions > 0;
434 return 0 unless scalar @transactions > 0;
435 return 0 unless $self->has_loaded_related('transactions');
436 if ( $params{debug} ) {
437 printf("starting validatation of invoice %s with trans_id %s and taxincluded %s\n", $self->invnumber, $self->id, $self->taxincluded);
438 foreach my $acc ( @transactions ) {
439 printf("chart: %s amount: %s tax_id: %s link: %s\n", $acc->chart->accno, $acc->amount, $acc->tax_id, $acc->chart->link);
443 my $acc_trans_sum = sum map { $_->amount } @transactions;
445 unless ( $::form->round_amount($acc_trans_sum, 10) == 0 ) {
446 my $string = "sum of acc_transactions isn't 0: $acc_trans_sum\n";
448 if ( $params{debug} ) {
449 foreach my $trans ( @transactions ) {
450 $string .= sprintf(" %s %s %s\n", $trans->chart->accno, $trans->taxkey, $trans->amount);
456 # only use the first AR entry, so it also works for paid invoices
457 my @ar_transactions = map { $_->amount } grep { $_->chart_link eq 'AR' } @transactions;
458 my $ar_sum = $ar_transactions[0];
459 # my $ar_sum = sum map { $_->amount } grep { $_->chart_link eq 'AR' } @transactions;
461 unless ( $::form->round_amount($ar_sum * -1,2) == $::form->round_amount($self->amount,2) ) {
462 if ( $params{debug} ) {
463 printf("debug: (ar_sum) %s = %s (amount)\n", $::form->round_amount($ar_sum * -1,2) , $::form->round_amount($self->amount, 2) );
464 foreach my $trans ( @transactions ) {
465 printf(" %s %s %s %s\n", $trans->chart->accno, $trans->taxkey, $trans->amount, $trans->chart->link);
468 die sprintf("sum of ar (%s) isn't equal to invoice amount (%s)", $::form->round_amount($ar_sum * -1,2), $::form->round_amount($self->amount,2));
474 sub recalculate_amounts {
475 my ($self, %params) = @_;
476 # calculate and set amount and netamount from acc_trans objects
478 croak ("Can only recalculate amounts for ar transactions") if $self->invoice;
480 return undef unless $self->has_loaded_related('transactions');
482 my ($netamount, $taxamount);
484 my @transactions = @{$self->transactions};
486 foreach my $acc ( @transactions ) {
487 $netamount += $acc->amount if $acc->chart->link =~ /AR_amount/;
488 $taxamount += $acc->amount if $acc->chart->link =~ /AR_tax/;
491 $self->amount($netamount+$taxamount);
492 $self->netamount($netamount);
496 sub _post_create_assemblyitem_entries {
497 my ($self, $assembly_entries) = @_;
499 my $items = $self->invoiceitems;
503 foreach my $item (@{ $items }) {
504 next if $item->assemblyitem;
506 push @new_items, $item;
509 foreach my $assembly_item (@{ $assembly_entries->[$item_idx] || [ ] }) {
510 push @new_items, SL::DB::InvoiceItem->new(parts_id => $assembly_item->{part},
511 description => $assembly_item->{part}->description,
512 unit => $assembly_item->{part}->unit,
513 qty => $assembly_item->{qty},
514 allocated => $assembly_item->{allocated},
517 assemblyitem => 't');
521 $self->invoiceitems(\@new_items);
524 sub _post_update_allocated {
525 my ($self, $allocated) = @_;
527 while (my ($invoice_id, $diff) = each %{ $allocated }) {
528 SL::DB::Manager::InvoiceItem->update_all(set => { allocated => { sql => "allocated + $diff" } },
529 where => [ id => $invoice_id ]);
536 return 'ar_transaction' if !$self->invoice;
537 return 'credit_note' if $self->type eq 'credit_note' && $self->amount < 0 && !$self->storno;
538 return 'invoice_storno' if $self->type ne 'credit_note' && $self->amount < 0 && $self->storno;
539 return 'credit_note_storno' if $self->type eq 'credit_note' && $self->amount > 0 && $self->storno;
543 sub displayable_state {
546 return $self->closed ? $::locale->text('closed') : $::locale->text('open');
549 sub displayable_type {
552 return t8('AR Transaction') if $self->invoice_type eq 'ar_transaction';
553 return t8('Credit Note') if $self->invoice_type eq 'credit_note';
554 return t8('Invoice') . "(" . t8('Storno') . ")" if $self->invoice_type eq 'invoice_storno';
555 return t8('Credit Note') . "(" . t8('Storno') . ")" if $self->invoice_type eq 'credit_note_storno';
556 return t8('Invoice');
559 sub displayable_name {
560 join ' ', grep $_, map $_[0]->$_, qw(displayable_type record_number);
566 return t8('AR Transaction (abbreviation)') if $self->invoice_type eq 'ar_transaction';
567 return t8('Credit note (one letter abbreviation)') if $self->invoice_type eq 'credit_note';
568 return t8('Invoice (one letter abbreviation)') . "(" . t8('Storno (one letter abbreviation)') . ")" if $self->invoice_type eq 'invoice_storno';
569 return t8('Credit note (one letter abbreviation)') . "(" . t8('Storno (one letter abbreviation)') . ")" if $self->invoice_type eq 'credit_note_storno';
570 return t8('Invoice (one letter abbreviation)');
573 sub oneline_summary {
576 return sprintf("%s: %s %s %s (%s)", $self->abbreviation, $self->invnumber, $self->customer->name,
577 $::form->format_amount(\%::myconfig, $self->amount,2), $self->transdate->to_kivitendo);
596 $html = $self->presenter->sales_invoice(display => 'inline') if $self->invoice;
597 $html = $self->presenter->ar_transaction(display => 'inline') if !$self->invoice;
605 $self->update_attributes(paid => $self->amount);
618 SL::DB::Invoice: Rose model for invoices (table "ar")
624 =item C<new_from $source, %params>
626 Creates a new C<SL::DB::Invoice> instance and copies as much
627 information from C<$source> as possible. At the moment only sales
628 orders and sales quotations are supported as sources.
630 The conversion copies order items into invoice items. Dates are copied
631 as appropriate, e.g. the C<transdate> field from an order will be
632 copied into the invoice's C<orddate> field.
634 C<%params> can include the following options:
640 An optional array reference of RDBO instances for the items to use. If
641 missing then the method C<items_sorted> will be called on
642 C<$source>. This option can be used to override the sorting, to
643 exclude certain positions or to add additional ones.
645 =item C<skip_items_negative_qty>
647 If trueish then items with a negative quantity are skipped. Items with
648 a quantity of 0 are not affected by this option.
650 =item C<skip_items_zero_qty>
652 If trueish then items with a quantity of 0 are skipped.
656 An optional code reference that is called for each item with the item
657 as its sole parameter. Items for which the code reference returns a
658 falsish value will be skipped.
662 An optional hash reference. If it exists then it is passed to C<new>
663 allowing the caller to set certain attributes for the new invoice.
664 For example to set a different transdate (default is the current date),
665 call the method like this:
668 $params{attributes}{transdate} = '28.08.2015';
669 $invoice = SL::DB::Invoice->new_from($self, %params)->post || die;
673 Amounts, prices and taxes are not
674 calculated. L<SL::DB::Helper::PriceTaxCalculator::calculate_prices_and_taxes>
675 can be used for this.
677 The object returned is not saved.
679 =item C<post %params>
681 Posts the invoice. Required parameters are:
687 The ID of the accounts receivable chart the invoice's amounts are
688 posted to. If it is not set then the first chart configured for
689 accounts receivables is used.
693 This function implements several steps:
697 =item 1. It calculates all prices, amounts and taxes by calling
698 L<SL::DB::Helper::PriceTaxCalculator::calculate_prices_and_taxes>.
700 =item 2. A new and unique invoice number is created.
702 =item 3. All amounts for costs of goods sold are recorded in
705 =item 4. All amounts for parts, services and assemblies are recorded
706 in C<acc_trans> with their respective charts. This is determined by
707 the part's buchungsgruppen.
709 =item 5. The total amount is posted to the accounts receivable chart
710 and recorded in C<acc_trans>.
712 =item 6. Items in C<invoice> are updated according to their allocation
713 status (regarding costs of goods sold). Will only be done if
714 kivitendo is not configured to use Einnahmenüberschussrechnungen.
716 =item 7. The invoice and its items are saved.
720 Returns C<$self> on success and C<undef> on failure. The whole process
721 is run inside a transaction. If it fails then nothing is saved to or
722 changed in the database. A new transaction is only started if none are
725 =item C<basic_info $field>
727 See L<SL::DB::Object::basic_info>.
731 Returns 1 or 0, depending on whether the invoice is closed or not. Currently
732 invoices that are overpaid also count as closed and credit notes in general.
734 =item C<recalculate_amounts %params>
736 Calculate and set amount and netamount from acc_trans objects by summing up the
737 values of acc_trans objects with AR_amount and AR_tax link charts.
738 amount and netamount are set to the calculated values.
740 =item C<validate_acc_trans>
742 Checks if the sum of all associated acc_trans objects is 0 and checks whether
743 the amount of the AR acc_transaction matches the AR amount. Only the first AR
744 line is checked, because the sum of all AR lines is 0 for paid invoices.
748 Can be called with a debug parameter which writes debug info to STDOUT, which is
749 useful in console mode or while writing tests.
751 my $ar = SL::DB::Manager::Invoice->get_first();
752 $ar->validate_acc_trans(debug => 1);
754 =item C<create_ar_row %params>
756 Creates a new acc_trans entry for the receivable (AR) entry of an existing AR
757 invoice object, which already has some income and tax acc_trans entries.
759 The acc_trans entry is also returned inside an array ref.
765 =item * chart as an RDBO object, e.g. for bank. Must be a 'paid' chart.
769 Currently the amount of the invoice object is used for the acc_trans amount.
770 Use C<recalculate_amounts> before calling this method if amount isn't known
771 yet or you didn't set it manually.
773 =item C<add_ar_amount_row %params>
775 Add a new entry for an existing AR invoice object. Creates an acc_trans entry,
776 and also adds an acc_trans tax entry, if the tax has an associated tax chart.
777 Also all acc_trans entries that were created are returned inside an array ref.
783 =item * chart as an RDBO object, should be an income chart (link = AR_amount)
791 =item C<mark_as_paid>
793 Marks the invoice as paid by setting its C<paid> member to the value of C<amount>.
799 As explained in the new_from example, it is possible to set transdate to a new value.
800 From a user / programm point of view transdate is more than holy and there should be
801 some validity checker available for controller code. At least the same logic like in
802 Form.pm from ar.pl should be available:
803 # see old stuff ar.pl post
804 #$form->error($locale->text('Cannot post transaction above the maximum future booking date!'))
805 # if ($form->date_max_future($transdate, \%myconfig));
806 #$form->error($locale->text('Cannot post transaction for a closed period!')) if ($form->date_closed($form->{"transdate"}, \%myconfig));
810 Moritz Bunkus E<lt>m.bunkus@linet-services.deE<gt>